In this issue I’d like to look at one way Bible scholarship can help us — namely to lead us into a deeper understanding of verses that may look straightforward on the surface, but when examined more closely have the capacity to surprise us. Last time we looked at how scholarship can help us address challenges. This time we’re going to look at how scholarship can throw challenges at us where we may not have realised they exist. In the process, however, it can help us gain a much more nuanced understanding of the text, so that hopefully a little discomfort along the way is worthwhile.
‘Psalms and hymns and spiritual songs’
In Ephesians 5 and Colossians 3, Paul teaches that, among other things, a local church should sing “psalms and hymns and spiritual songs”. What does he mean? When I first read this, as a young Christian, I suppose I assumed that, well, psalms were psalms, hymns were the kind of thing you found in Hymns Ancient and Modern, and spiritual songs were either (if you were older) the choruses from Golden Bells or (if you were a child of the 1960s or later) the more or less charismatic informal choruses that became mainstream from then on. These, I even thought, are “spiritual” in a way in which the old-fashioned psalms and hymns are not! Let’s look at this more carefully. There are two questions: what do the nouns (“psalms”, “hymns”, “songs”) mean? And how does the adjective “spiritual” fit in?
The nouns
We’ll take the nouns first. We can approach these from two directions. First, what did these nouns mean in the Greek language of the first century? Second, how were these nouns used in the Greek translation of the Old Testament (the so-called Septuagint, or LXX)? I think the second question is the key one. Christians in the churches in Ephesus and Colossae, whether from Jewish or gentile backgrounds, would be — or rapidly become — familiar with the Old Testament in Greek, and this would have significantly shaped their understanding of how to use language to express theological ideas. So I used my Bible software (Accordance) to search the Greek Old Testament that was used by Christians in the ancient world.
The Greek word psalmos (psalm) comes about 80 times in the canonical books of the LXX Old Testament. Sixty-five of these are in headings to biblical psalms, two refer to David the psalm-singer, five occur in the main text of psalms, two in Job to refer to a musical instrument, one in Lamentations, and three in the prophets. When Paul says “psalm” you would indeed most naturally think of biblical psalms.
But what about “hymns”? This word (hymnos) only comes 14 times in these LXX books. Half of these refer to psalms in the book of Psalms, and six of the other seven occur in the main text of psalms or in historical books referring to the institution of psalmody by David. Probably when Paul says “hymns” a first-century hearer in Ephesus or Colossae would think also of biblical psalms.
And how about “songs”? The Greek word is ōdē (from which we derive our word “ode”). This comes almost 90 times in the books we are considering. More than a third of these translate a word in the heading of a biblical psalm. Most of the others are used in connection with, or as part of, biblical psalms and temple worship. So, again, when Paul says “songs”, his hearers would most naturally think of biblical psalms.
We can’t be sure that they thought only of biblical psalms, but that would be the most natural and primary association of the words. It is as if Paul is saying, “sing lots of psalms and then more psalms and then some more psalms (and perhaps some other songs)”. This puts a different complexion on these verses and has changed my mind about something important that we ought to be doing in our churches.
The adjective
But what about “spiritual”? The adjective “spiritual” usually indicates a connection with the Holy Spirit, and that would seem to be the case here. But why are the “songs” given this adjective, when the “psalms” and “hymns” are not? Here I discovered that it gets a bit more technical. The nouns “psalm” and “hymn” are grammatically masculine; “song” is grammatically feminine. The adjective “spiritual” is here in its feminine form, to agree with the feminine “song”. So, on the face of it, Paul is indeed describing the songs as spiritual, and only the songs. This seems surprising, especially since he presumably believes that all the Old Testament psalms are profoundly spiritual. So I asked Dr Dirk Jongkind, the editor of the Tyndale House Greek New Testament and an expert on the language. The answer was surprising and counterintuitive: in classical Greek, dating back well before the New Testament or even the LXX were written, masculine would be the default grammatical gender; if the adjective had been in a masculine form, it might have referred to all three nouns. But by the time of the Greek of the New Testament (so-called Koine or “Common” Greek), this distinction did not always apply. Grammatically, the adjective “spiritual” might just apply to “songs”, but equally it might apply to all three nouns. We cannot be sure.
How did scholarship help? In a positive way and a negative way. Positively, it has persuaded me that Paul expected his churches to sing the biblical psalms, and I can think of no reason why that exhortation would not apply to us today. I think it would be hard to demonstrate that he meant only the biblical psalms; but if we don’t sing them at all, it is hard to see how we are obeying these verses. Negatively, it helped me see that we can’t be sure whether the adjective “spiritual” applies just to the “songs” or to all the singing; I am inclined to think it is the latter, but we can’t prove that from the grammar.
December 13, 2019
Notes
Illustrations: Jason Ramasami saamvisual.com